The WRKY transcription factor family plays critical regulatory roles in plant stress responses, but the response of its members to cold stress remains unclear in Camellia oleifera. To identify the WRKY gene family members in C. oleifera and characterize their response to cold stress, WRKY transcription factors were screened from a third-generation full-length transcriptome using hidden Markov model search, BLAST homology alignment and conserved domain verification, and their sequence characteristics were revealed through phylogenetic analysis, conserved motif prediction and physicochemical property analysis. Expression patterns under cold stress (−10 °C) were further analyzed in two C. oleifera materials (wild, LT; cultivated, GW1) using second-generation transcriptome data. A total of 22 CoWRKY transcription factors were identified and classified into groups Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ, with group Ⅱ being predominant (13 members). All members were hydrophilic proteins containing conserved WRKY domains. Expression profiling revealed stage-specific up-regulation of most members under cold stress, with stronger induction in LT than in GW1. Notably, Co-WRKY-Ⅱb-2 maintained a high expression level throughout the treatment, making it a key candidate gene involved in the cold stress response. This study provides important genetic resources and a theoretical basis for molecular breeding for cold tolerance in C. oleifera.