The symbiotic system formed between Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) holds significant potential for sustainable rice production. Based on domestic and international research literature, this paper systematically reviews the progress in molecular regulatory mechanisms, AMF community diversity and its influencing factors, symbiotic functional effects, and field applications of the rice-AMF symbiosis. At the molecular level, rice mycorrhizal symbiosis involves complex networks including strigolactone signal recognition, calcium oscillation transduction, and downstream transcriptional regulation. Key components such as OsCERK1, CCaMK, and CYCLOPS play central roles in the symbiotic signaling pathway, while the nutrient exchange phase relies on the collaborative participation of transporters such as STR1/STR2 and OsAMT3;1. At the ecological level, AMF community structure is comprehensively regulated by multiple factors including water management, soil physicochemical properties, agricultural cultivation practices, and host genotypes. Functionally, AMF enhance rice tolerance to stresses such as drought, salinity, heavy metals, and pests by promoting nutrient uptake (especially phosphorus and nitrogen), regulating plant hormone balance, and inducing systemic resistance. However, AMF effects exhibit high host dependency and environmental specificity; the stability and controllability of their field application remain major challenges. Future research should integrate multi-omics technologies and synthetic biology tools to promote the precise application of AMF in green rice production.