Abstract

Sowing techniques play a pivotal role in determining the physiological performance and productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.), yet comparative studies under semi-arid and irrigated conditions remain limited. This study evaluated the influence of three sowing methods Traditional Transplanting (TT), Wet Direct Seeding (WDS), and Dry Direct Seeding (DDS) on twelve key parameters encompassing germination, growth, physiological traits, yield components, and environmental interactions. Experiments were conducted at the NARC Plant Genetic Resources Center, with precise monitoring of soil properties, temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall. Data on germination rate, leaf area index, relative water content, chlorophyll content, plant height, number of tillers, panicle length, grain yield, soil pH, soil electrical conductivity, soil temperature, and air temperature were collected using standardized instruments and analyzed for statistical significance. Results revealed that WDS consistently outperformed TT and DDS, showing significantly higher germination (92.5%), leaf area index (4.5), relative water content (84.7%), chlorophyll content (42.3 SPAD units), plant height (105.2 cm), number of tillers (15.6 per hill), panicle length (27.3 cm), and grain yield (6.8 t/ha). Soil and environmental parameters remained stable across all methods, indicating that the observed differences were primarily driven by sowing technique. These findings highlight WDS as a highly efficient and resource-effective method for rice cultivation, promoting enhanced physiological performance, growth, and yield stability. Adoption of WDS, combined with optimized nutrient and water management, can significantly improve rice productivity, reduce labor costs, and support sustainable agriculture in semi-arid and irrigated ecosystems.